DR GEORGE M NILES, Sworn In For The State, 193rd To Testify
DR. GEORGE M. NILES, sworn for the State in rebuttal.
I confine my work to diseases of digestion. Every healthy stomach
has a certain definite and orderly relation to every other healthy stomach.
Assuming a young lady between thirteen and fourteen years of age at
11:30 April 26, 1913, eats a meal of cabbage and bread, that the next
morning about three o'clock her dead body is found. That there are indentations in her neck where a cord had been around her throat, indicating that she died of strangulation, her nails blue, her face blue, a slight injury on the back of the head, a contused bruise on one of her eyes, the body is found with the face down, rigor mortis had been on from sixteen
to twenty hours, that the blood in the body has settled in the part where
gravity would naturally carry it, that the body is embalmed immediately
with a fluid consisting chiefly of formaldehyde, which is injected in the
veins and cavities of the body; that she is disinterred nine days thereafter;
that cabbage of this texture (State's Exhibit G) is found in her
stomach; that the position of the stomach is normal; that no inflammation
of the stomach is found by microscopic investigation; that no mucous
is found, and that the glands found under this microscope are found
to be normal, that there is no obstruction to the flow of the contents of the
stomach to the small intestine; that the pyloris is closed; that there is
every indication that digestion was progressing favorably; that in the
gastric juices there is found starch granules that are shown by the color
test to have been undigested, and that in that stomach you also find
thirty-two degrees of hydrochloric acid, no maltose, no dextrin, no free
hydrochloric acid -there would be more or less free hydrochloric acid in
the course of an hour or more in the orderly progress of digestion of a
healthy stomach where the contents are carbohydrates, I would say that
indicated that digestion had been progressing less than an hour. The
starch digestion should have progressed beyond the state erythrodextrin
in course of an hour. There should have been enough free acid to
have stimulated the pyloris to relax to a certain extent, and there should
have been some contents in the duodenum. I am assuming, of course,
that it is a healthy stomach and that the digestion was not disturbed by
any psychic cause which would disturb the mind or any severe physical
exercise. I am not going so much on the physical appearance of the cabbage. Any severe physical exercise or mental stress has quite an influence on digestion. Death does not change the composition of the gastric juices when combined with hydrochloric acid for quite awhile. The gastric juices combined with the hydrochloric acid are an antiseptic or preservative. There is a wide variation in diseased stomachs as to digestion.
CROSS EXAMINATION.
There are idiosyncracies in a normal stomach, but where they are too
marked I would not consider that a normal stomach. I wouldn't say that
there is a mechanical rule where you can measure the digestive power of
every stomach for every kind of food. There is a set time for every stomach
to digest every kind of food within fairly regular limits, that is, a
healthy stomach. There is a fairly mixed standard. There is no great
amount of variation between healthy stomachs. I can't answer for how
long it takes cabbage to digest. I have taken cabbage out of a cancerous
stomach that had been in there twenty-four hours, but there was no obstruction. The longest time that I have taken cabbage out of a fairly normal stomach was between four and five hours. That was where it was in
the stomach along with another meal. I found the cabbage among the remains of the meal four or five hours after it had been eaten. Mastication
is a very important function of digestion. Failure to masticate delays the
starch digestion. Starch and cabbage are both carbohydrates. I would
say that if cabbage went into a healthy stomach not well masticated, the
starch digestion would not get on so well, but the stomach would get busy at once. Of course, it would not be prepared as well. The digestion
would be delayed, of course. That cabbage is not as well digested as it
should have been (State's exhibit G), but the very fact of your anticipating
a good meal, smelling it, starts your saliva going and forms the first
stage of digestion, and digestion is begun right there in the mouth, even
if you haven't chewed it a single time. Any deviation from good mastication
retards digestion. I couldn't presume to say how long that cabbage
lay in Mary Phagan's stomach. I believe if it had been a live,
healthy stomach and the process of digestion was going on orderly, it
would be pulverized in four or five hours. It would be more broken
up and tricturated than it is. I wouldn't consider that a wild guess. I think it would have been fairly well pulverized in three hours. Chewing amounts to a great deal, but there should be an amount of saliva in her stomach even if she hadn't masticated it thoroughly. Chewing is a temperamental matter to a great extent. One man chews his meal quicker than another. If it isn't chewed at all, the stomach gets busy and helps out all it can and digests it after awhile. It takes more effort, of course, but not necessarily more time. What the teeth fail to do the stomach does to a great extent. The stomach has an extra amount of work if it is not masticated. You can't tell by looking
at the cabbage how long it had been undergoing the process of digestion.
If that was a healthy stomach with combined acid of 32 degrees, and
nothing happened either physical or mental to interfere with digestion,
those laboratory findings indicated that digestion had been progressing
less than an hour. I never made an autopsy or examination of the contents
of Mary Phagan's stomach.
RE-DIRECT EXAMINATION.
The first stage of digestion is starch digestion. This progresses in
the stomach until the contents become acid in all its parts. Then the
starch digestion stops until the contents get out in the intestines and become alkaline in reaction; then the starch digestion is continued on beyond. The olfactories act as a stimulant to the salivary glands.
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- MRS EMMA CLARK FREEMAN, Sworn In For The State, 140th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- MRS EMMA CLARKE FREEMAN, Sworn In For The State, 43rd To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- MRS H GLOGOWSKI, Sworn In For The State, 134th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- MRS HENNIE WOLFSHEIMER, Sworn In For The State, 56th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- MRS J 0 PARMELEE, Sworn In For The State, 136th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- MRS J A WHITE, Sworn In For The State, 10th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- MRS J J WARDLAW, Sworn In For The State, 146th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- MRS. J.W. COLEMAN, Sworn In for the State, 1st To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 9th, 2025]
- MRS M G MICHAEL, Sworn In For The State, 54th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- MRS M MARCUS, Sworn In For The State, 76th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- MRS M W CARSON, MARY PIRK, MRS DORA SMALL, MISS JULIA FUSS, R P BUTLER, JOE STELKER, Sworn In For The State, 152nd To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- MRS MATTIE THOMPSON, Sworn In For The State, 144th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- MRS MINNIE SMITH, Sworn In For The State, 89th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- MRS RACHEL JACOBS FRANK, Sworn In For The State, 71st To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- N KELLY, Sworn In For The State, 173rd To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- N SINKOVITZ, Sworn In For The State, 198th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- N V DARLEY, Sworn In For The State, 18th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- NATHAN COPLAN, Sworn In For The State, 95th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- NEWT LEE COLORED, Sworn In For The State, 3rd To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- OSCAR PAPPENHEIMER, Sworn In For The State, 72nd To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- PHILIP NASH, Sworn In For The State, 123rd To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- PHILLIP CHAMBERS, Sworn In For The State, 83rd To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- PROF C D ALBERT, Sworn In For The State, 128th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- PROF GEO BACHMAN, Sworn In For The State, 115th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- PROF J E VANDERHOEF, Sworn In For The State, 129th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- R L BAUER, Sworn In For The State, 91st To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- R L CRAVEN, Sworn In For The State, 165th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- R L WAGGONER, Sworn In For The State, 23rd To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- R M LASSITER, Sworn In For The State, 25th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- R P BUTLER, Sworn In For The State, 105th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- R V JOHNSON, Sworn In For The State, 155th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- RICHARD A WRIGHT, Sworn In For The State, 124th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- ROBERT P BARRETT, Sworn In For The State, 13th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- S L ASHER, Sworn In For The State, 199th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- S L ROSSER, Sworn In For The State, 33rd To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- SERGEANT L S DOBBS, Sworn In For The State, 179th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- SIGMUND MONTAG, Sworn In For The State, 79th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- T H WILLET, Sworn In For The State, 108th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- T Y BRENT, Sworn In For The State, 195th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- TILLANDER, Sworn In For The State, 180th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- TRUMAN MCCRARY, C, Sworn In For The State, 80th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- V H KRIEGSHABER, Sworn In For The State, 130th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- VERA EPPS, Sworn In For The State, 187th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- W B OWENS, Sworn In For The State, 174th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- W C DOBBS, Sworn In For The State, 177th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- W D MCWORTH, Sworn In For The State, 99th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- W E TURNER, Sworn In For The State, 161st To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- W F ANDERSON, Sworn In For The State, 19th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- W H GREESLING, Sworn In For The State, 28th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- W M MATTHEWS, Sworn In For The State, 176th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- W P MERK, Sworn In For The State, 162nd To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- W T HOLLIS, Sworn In For The State, 189th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- W T HOLLIS, Sworn In For The State, 37th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- W W MATTHEWS, Sworn In For The State, 36th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- W W ROGERS, Sworn In For The State, 178th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- W W ROGERS, Sworn In For The State, 6th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]
- WADE CAMPBELL, Sworn In For The State, 46th To Testify [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2025] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2025]